Tanulmány
Summary: Necessary for the functioning of a country the planning and monitoring the implementation of the budget is an important task for the state. The state so realizes its functions and creates a well-functioning state administration. This can only happen in a controlled framework, in „treasury system”. In 1996, when the Hungarian State Treasury was set up by the National Assembly, which currently manages and audits national budgetary transactions, and also audits financial transactions conducted by other budgetary institutions The Hungarian State Treasury is a self-managed central budget department with independent legal personality. The present study focuses on the operation of the Budgetary Information Office. The framework for the audits conducted and for processing and analyzing the data generated is relatively new and is still being developed. In order to achieve high efficiency of both transactions and auditing, and meet the standards stipulated, high level developments have been implemented in the informatics background of such operations. The wide variety of accounting softwares used by different budgetary institutions still poses some difficulty for the informatics systems developers and users of KGR-K11, as data provided by budgetary institutions all over the country need to be processed in a single framework in order to balance treasury and ledger accounts. However, as a result, annual budget reports are now conducted in a timely manner. Electronic data sending has accelerated the flow of data. On the whole, data are provided and audited faster and more efficiently, even though the KGR-K11 system is still being developed.
Kulcsszavak: Államkincstár, KGR-K11, központi költségvetés, belső ellenőrzés
Keywords: Hungarian State Treasury, KGR-K11, national budget, internal audit
JEL kód: G2
Summary: KATA taxation has become popular with both sole proprietors and micro businesses in recent years. The taxation method could be first chosen in 2013. In this year 28,316 million HUF tax revenue was related to this method at national level, which increased by nearly four times by 2017 to 4,188 million HUF.EKHO offers a reduced rate of tax and contribution on wage income. The method of taxation can only be chosen by those who work in specific fields. At the time of its introduction, beneficiaries were typically writers, artists, and others worked in the fields of different arts. However, since the middle of the year 2010, beneficiaries can be employed in sports sector as well. In addition, in this field, the value limit is higher and further discounts are available. The most important benefit is that in the case of professional athletes, the employer is not liable to pay taxes and contributions. The accounts of sports organizations reflect the reduced contribution burden. The disadvantage of the system is that it distorts market-based operation in the sports sector. However, favorable tax systems have disadvantages, as their use will mean lower social security benefits in the future. To sum up, the data clearly show that many people chose from the preferential tax opportunities. The long-term impact, i.e. the lower pension does not discourage the people concerned yet.
Kulcsszavak: adózás, kedvezményes lehetőségek, egyéni vállalkozó, sportszektor
Keywords: taxation, preferential opportunities, sole proprietor, sports sector
JEL kód: H21
Summary: The 4th Industrial Revolution radically changes the economic and social processes and relationships. There is an intense business and governmental attention for the existing and the startup technological companies in Hungary in recent years, which can exploit the opportunities offered by the 4th Industrial Revolution. The processors and followers of this tendency are also the traditional telecommunication companies. The study focuses on the telecommunications sector in Hungary. There are three major service providers on the Hungarian market (Magyar Telekom Nyrt., Vodafone Hungary Zrt., Telenor Hungary Zrt.). The quality of service of these telecommunication companies today has a fundamental impact on the competitiveness of the Hungarian economy. One of the aims of the study is the financial analysis of the three companies, from which we can see how the global information revolution influenced the financial situation of these companies in recent years and the development of competition between them. We use the financial-accounting reports for the years 2013-2017 (balance sheet, profit and loss account and supplement) as well as the information on the companies' website. Our financial calculation encompasses the calculation of profitability rates, liquidity and efficiency indicators, and the analysis of the asset situation. The other objective is to investigate how foreign telecommunication companies have responded to the challenges of the 4th industrial revolution in last years.
Kulcsszavak: telekommunikáció, pénzügyi elemzés
Keywords: telecommunication, financial analysis
JEL kód: G30, L96
Summary: We look at the economic sector that today has been achieved sales of over HUF 1,000 billion. We focus on the content of financial audit. Integrated and intelligent benefit management, growth indicators, nonsystematic and specific risk management are of particular importance today. The purpose of the study is to make a financial diagnosis. The subject of the study: is the ’accommodation and catering’ sector, which includes the top Hungarian companies. Applied methodology: case- and database analysis with FINel Diagnostic and Value Creation System and EkoWIN Financial Analyzer, Forecasting and Company Valuation Computer Expert System. Investigaterd database: is a filtered sectoral sample of the Hungarian top 500 and the county’s top 1000 companies, which includes balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. The results of the study may help work financial decisions makers for planning, management, monitoring and controlling. The study question: Is the examined company or sector profitable, while it is solvency, non-indebted, perspective efficient asset management? How did the market position map change as a function of profitability and risk mix? In the framework of the diagnostic preparation resulting from the financial analysis, one can infer the growth prospects, financial chances and financing of the tourism sector. The results of our study can help financial managers to plan, manage and control, especially the IGR and SGR growth rates by knowing SNR, asset financing adequacy and liquidity management.
Kulcsszavak: turizmus eset- és adatbázis elemzés, pénzügyi diagnózis, növekedési lehetőségek, nem szisztematikus kockázat
Keywords: tourism case and database analysis, financial diagnosis, growth opportunities, nonsystematic risk
JEL kód: C10, G30, M21, Z3
Summary: Thanks to Satoshi Nakamoto, creator of Bitcoin protocols, and creator of blockchain theory – background of Bitcoin technology –, not only common people worldwide have heard about crypto-currencies, but, a lot of industries have obtained a really innovative technology. Nowadays, more than 2100 cryptocurrencies are registered at the crypto currency stock exchanges worldwide. In spite of the extreme exchange volatility, and inspite of warnings of the Hungarian National Bank (MNB) regarding the risks of applicable currencies, a lot of people do decide to invest their monies into crypto currencies. The aim of our investigation was, to research the habits, motivations, and investment inclination of those people, who may consider to invest their money to crypto-currencies. Our aim was to discover, what factors may hinder or motivate the habits of crypto-currency investors. We made a list of queries among (potential investor) members of crypto-currency groups of (the social media) Facebook (n = 210). The thematically specific questions of the questionnaire include closed questions, that enable simple and multiple choices, and Likert-scales. The results were evaluated by Microsoft Office Excel. Investors, who have typically more kinds of crypto-currencies, would like to invest typically by way of buying – as other alternative – in real estates, works of arts, meanwhile, at least 50 % of their investments are based on crypto-currencies. The investors are mostly motivated by generation of income, by acqusition and by amusement; they are mostly specified by augmenting wealth, and motivations of life cycle / independence.
Kulcsszavak: kriptovaluta, motiváció, befektetési szokások, Bitcoin
Keywords: crypto-currency, motivation, investment habits, Bitcoin
JEL kód: G11, G19